Frequently Misunderstood Health Savings Account Issues

The health savings account (HSA) eligibility and contribution rules are often misunderstood, which can result in potential adverse consequences for participating employees.[1] This article focuses on certain employer-provided benefits that may unexpectedly affect an employee’s ability to make or receive HSA contributions as well as certain rules that affect the contribution amounts a participant can make and/or receive during the year. 

Unexpected Disqualifying Other Coverage and Potential Solutions

In order to be eligible to make or receive HSA contributions, an individual must participate in a qualified high deductible health plan (HDHP) and have no other disqualifying coverage. Some common employer-provided benefits may unexpectedly be disqualifying other coverage, and we’ll address three of the most common “gotcha’s” below.

1. Account - Based Plans (FSAs and HRAs)

General purpose health FSAs and HRAs that may be used to reimburse for a broad range of qualifying medical expenses are generally disqualifying other coverage and disqualify an individual from making or receiving HSA contributions for the entire plan year. This is also true if the FSA or HRA is your spouse’s and can be used to reimburse for your medical expenses (whether or not this actually happens).  

HSA Eligibility Solutions for Account-Based Plans – Employers should consider the following HSA compatible FSA plan design options when offering an account-based plan and an HDHP (these are often referred to as “HSA compatible FSAs”):

• Offer a limited-purpose FSA or HRA that may only be used to reimburse for dental and vision expenses;
• Offer a post-deductible FSA or HRA that may only be used to reimburse for general medical expenses after the individual has met their annual HDHP deductible; or
• An employer can actually offer an FSA or HRA that combines both features by being limited to dental and vision expenses until the annual HDHP deductible is met and can then be used to reimburse for general medical expenses afterwards.

Run-Out Periods, Grace Periods, and Carryover Provisions – FSAs usually operate with a run-out period allowing participants to submit claims after a plan year ends and may also include either a grace period or carryover provision (but not both).  We’ll describe how these can affect HSA eligibility when used in a general purpose FSA:

• Run-Out Period – When we say run-out period, we mean a participant has some period of time after the end of the plan year to submit claims that were incurred during the plan year. For example, a calendar year FSA may allow participants until March 31st to submit claims incurred by or before December 31, 2018. If I enroll in an HDHP during annual enrollment, an FSA with a run-out period does not interfere with my ability to make or receive HSA contributions at the start of the next plan year. In this example, I am eligible to make or receive HSA contributions on January 1, 2019.
  
  
• Grace Period – When we say grace period, we mean a participant has some period of time after the end of the plan year to submit claims that were incurred during the plan year OR during the grace period. For example, a calendar year FSA may allow participants until March 31st to submit claims incurred by or before March 15, 2019. If I enroll in an HDHP during annual enrollment, an FSA with a grace period can interfere with my ability to make or receive HSA contributions until the first of the month after the grace period is over. In this example, if I have an FSA balance as of December 31, 2018, I would not be eligible to make or receive HSA contributions until April 1, 2019.   
  
  The issue is whether I have an FSA balance at plan year end. If I have a zero FSA balance at plan year end (December 31, 2018 in our example), I am HSA eligible at the start of the next plan year without regard to the FSA’s grace period.
  
  
• Carryover Provision – An FSA might include a carryover provision permitting participants to carry over the lesser of: (i) their unspent FSA account balance as of the end of the plan year; or (ii) $500 as a contribution toward their FSA balance for the next plan year.  Amounts carried over do not count toward an individual’s annual FSA contribution limit ($2,700 for 2019). If funds are carried over into the following year and can be used to reimburse for general medical expenses, an individual will be ineligible to make or receive HSA contributions for the entire year. 

An employer can provide employees with options to avoid losing HSA eligibility for the following year:

• The rules allow FSA funds to carry over from a general purpose FSA into an HSA compatible FSA plan. An employer could design the carryover feature to automatically carry over a balance from a general purpose FSA into an HSA compatible FSA when an individual elects HDHP coverage. This option obviously requires the employer also maintain an HSA compatible FSA. 
  
  
• An employer could allow affected employees to decline or waive a carryover at the end of the FSA plan year. An employer that doesn’t provide an HSA compatible FSA might choose this option.

2. Clinics (both onsite and offsite clinics)

In terms of HSA compatibility, clinics can be divided into two categories:

3. Telemedicine 

There is much debate over whether telemedicine is a group health plan that is disqualifying other coverage for the purposes of HSA eligibility. We believe most telemedicine programs are disqualifying other coverage despite claims by some that telemedicine benefits should qualify for an exception available to employee assistance programs (EAPs).

Potential HSA Eligibility Solutions for Clinics and Telemedicine

It is reasonable to assume that many telemedicine and clinic benefits will be considered other disqualifying coverage and cause an HSA eligibility issue without some sort of solution to resolve the conflict:

1. Limit the scope – The benefits could be limited in scope to services that do not interfere with HSA eligibility, such as preventive services, dental or vision care, first aid (in the case of the clinic), or other services deemed insignificant care by the IRS such as immunizations and providing non-prescription pain relievers.
   
   This solution falls into the category of legally correct but not particularly useful, as limiting the scope of telemedicine and/or onsite health clinic benefits in this manner can defeat the purpose of meaningfully lowering the cost of the employer’s medical plan.
2. Provide only post-deductible benefits – If the benefits are restricted to an HDHP participant until after he or she has met their HDHP deductible, there is no HSA conflict. This solution also falls into the category of legally correct but not particularly useful and can be both difficult and impractical to administer.
   
   
3. Charge fair market value for the services – If the HDHP participants pay the FMV for the services received, there is no HSA conflict. While unpleasant, this is often the most practical solution to implement. There is no guidance explicitly directing how to calculate FMV for these benefits, which should make several approaches reasonable:
   
   
   • Use the Medicare reimbursement rate for the given service;
   • Use the in-network usual, customary, and reasonable charge for the given service; and
   • Develop standard rates for services/bundles of services based on the expected cost of providing them through the telemedicine or clinic benefit.

Flat rates are very common for telemedicine and clinic visits with additional charges for labs, tests, or prescriptions. An employer (particularly a healthcare system) may determine a discount is appropriate when determining the appropriate rates to take into account the lower cost of providing the services through a clinic or via telemedicine compared to general medical facilities. It is also not unusual for third-party administrators to have developed standard rates for services using the methods described above that employers can implement. If there is a monthly cost for access to the telemedicine or clinic benefit, that could be factored into the FMV fee calculation.

HSA contributions can be used to offset the cost of services for the telemedicine and clinic benefits, and employers can provide HSA contributions to assist. No fee needs to be charged for limited scope services (e.g., preventive, dental, vision, etc.). Although it adds a layer of administrative complexity, it is also true that the clinic does not need to charge anything once the individual has met the HDHP deductible for the year.

If point-of-service charges are limited to HDHP participants, it does raise a potential nondiscrimination issue under the Tax Code. However, if there is a reasonable mix of both highly and non-highly compensated participants in the HDHP and other medical plan options, this should not present an issue.

Certain Rules Affecting Annual HSA Contribution Limits

In general, an individual’s annual HSA contribution limit is pro-rated based on the number of months an individual is eligible to make or receive HSA contributions with HSA eligibility determined as of the first of each given month. This general rule has a lot of moving parts and is subject to several modifications.

1. Aggregation – Under the health FSA rules, the annual contribution limit ($2,700 for 2019) is based solely on the employee’s own contributions, excluding carryovers. By contrast, all contributions made or received to an individual’s HSA count toward the individual’s annual HSA contribution limit ($3,500 self-only; $7,000 family for 2019), with the exception of rollovers.
   
   
2. The Last Month Rule – While eligibility and contribution limits are generally pro-rated monthly, an individual who is HSA eligible on December 1st can make or receive HSA contributions up to their full annual limit provided he or she remains HSA eligible through the end of the following calendar year. If the individual does not remain eligible throughout this period, the individual’s annual HSA contribution limit for the year is retroactively determined using the pro-rata method and will usually lead to adverse tax consequences. An employer is not required to administer the last month rule for payroll deduction purposes. If an employer does not administer this, the employee is still free to take advantage by contributing the additional amounts to the HSA bank on an after-tax basis (usually by writing a check) and taking a deduction on their personal income tax return using IRS Form 8889.
   
   
3. A Special Rule for Spouses – A husband and wife cannot establish a joint HSA, but each spouse can set up their own HSA if eligible. If either spouse has family coverage in an HDHP, both spouses are treated as having family coverage and are limited to the annual HSA family contribution limit split between them. This limit is divided equally unless they agree on a different division. Spouses can demonstrate they’ve agreed to a different division by electing unequal contributions toward their HSAs.
   
   A break for domestic partners – This special rule for spouses does not apply to domestic partners. Each domestic partner could contribute up to the annual HSA family contribution limit in this instance, because the contribution limit is not tied to tax dependent status. That said, an individual cannot use their HSA to pay for the medical expenses of a domestic partner on a tax free basis (or without penalty) unless the domestic partner is also the individual’s tax dependent. The individual could avoid the penalty if the individual was already age 65 or older. 
   
   
4. Catch-up Contributions – HSA eligible individuals who are age 55 or older by the end of the calendar year may contribute an additional $1,000 for that year and every year thereafter so long as they remain HSA eligible.[2] If both spouses are over age 55 or older and HSA eligible, both are able to make catch-up contributions to their separate HSAs. 

Putting it all together – Chris (56 years old) is married to Jennifer (50 years old). Jennifer has enrolled in employee + children HDHP coverage through her employer and Chris has enrolled in employee-only HDHP coverage through his employer. Jennifer’s employer makes an HSA contribution of $1,000 to her HSA on January 1, 2019. Chris’ employer does not make a contribution to his HSA.

• For 2019, Jennifer could normally contribute up to $7,000 to her HSA and Chris could normally contribute up to $3,500 to his HSA. Due to the special rule for spouses, Jennifer and Chris begin with a combined annual HSA contribution limit of $7,000.
• Chris can contribute up to $3,500 plus an additional $1,000 catch-up contribution. 
• Assuming Chris does contribute $4,500, Jennifer’s annual contribution limit is $3,500. Her employer has already contributed $1,000, meaning Jennifer can only contribute an additional $2,500 herself.
• Alternatively, Chris could limit his HSA contribution to his $1,000 catch-up contribution and Jennifer would be free to contribute $6,000 to her HSA in addition to the $1,000 received from her employer.